Ingrown toenails occur when the edge of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin tissue. This common condition can cause significant discomfort if left untreated. While some cases resolve with conservative home care, others require professional podiatric intervention to prevent infection and permanent damage. Understanding the causes, recognizing symptoms early, and knowing when to seek professional treatment can prevent complications and provide relief.
What Are Ingrown Toenails?
Ingrown toenails develop when the nail’s edge curves downward and penetrates the soft tissue alongside the nail bed. The nail acts as a foreign object, causing the body’s immune system to respond with inflammation and swelling. This creates a cycle where the swollen tissue pushes against the nail, while the nail continues to grow into the inflamed area.
The condition can affect one or both sides of a single toenail. In severe cases, the ingrown portion may become completely embedded beneath the skin surface. Early-stage ingrown toenails typically exhibit mild inflammation and discomfort, whereas advanced cases may present with swelling, drainage, and secondary bacterial infections.
What Causes Them?
Several factors contribute to the development of this condition. Improper nail trimming is a common cause, particularly cutting nails too short or rounding the corners instead of cutting straight across. This trimming method encourages the nail to grow into the surrounding skin as it lengthens. Shoes that are too tight or narrow compress the toes, forcing the nail against the skin.
Genetic factors influence nail shape and growth patterns. Trauma to the toe from stubbing, dropping objects, or repetitive activities like running can also damage the nail bed and alter normal growth patterns. Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and circulation problems, can impact nail growth and the healing process.
What Are the Symptoms?
Early symptoms include tenderness and mild swelling along the nail border. The affected area may appear slightly red and feel sensitive to touch or pressure from shoes. Pain typically increases when walking or wearing closed-toe footwear. As the condition progresses, the skin around the nail may become increasingly swollen and red, extending beyond the immediate nail area.
Advanced ingrown toenails often develop secondary infections. Signs include increased warmth in the affected area, yellow or green drainage, and a foul odor. The surrounding tissue may develop a soft, red, and bumpy appearance, known as granulation tissue.
What Should You Do About It?
Treatment approaches depend on the severity and stage of the ingrown toenail. Soaking the affected foot in warm, soapy water several times a day helps reduce swelling and soften the skin. After soaking, gently lift the ingrown nail edge and place a small piece of cotton or dental floss underneath to help guide the nail to grow over the skin rather than into it.
Professional podiatric treatment becomes necessary when conservative measures are unsuccessful or signs of infection appear. Minor surgical procedures can provide definitive treatment. One option involves partially removing the ingrown portion of the toenail, allowing the area to heal properly.
For recurrent cases, complete nail removal along with treatment of the underlying nail bed may be recommended. This procedure prevents future ingrown toenails on the affected side. Antibiotics may be prescribed when a bacterial infection is present.
Consult a Podiatrist Today
Ingrown toenails can progress from minor discomfort to serious medical complications requiring extensive treatment. Early recognition of symptoms and appropriate intervention can prevent most complications and provide lasting relief. Schedule an appointment with a podiatrist if you experience persistent pain, signs of infection, or recurrent ingrown toenails.
